Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Community Building and Population Dynamics at a Multi-Phase Roman Site (Gabii, Italy, 8th Century BC– 2nd Century AD)

Authors

  • Kristina Killgrove National Coalition of Independent Scholars
  • Jennifer Klunk Daicel Arbor Biosciences
  • Andrea N. Acosta University of South Carolina
  • Madeline Tapson Daicel Arbor Biosciences
  • Marcello Mogetta University of Missouri
  • Laura M. Banducci Carleton University
  • Anna Gallone University of Michigan
  • J. Marilyn Evans Kalamazoo College
  • Laura Motta University of Michigan
  • Sheira Cohen University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Victoria C. Moses Harvard University
  • Nicola Terrenato University of Michigan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.33474

Keywords:

anthropology, bioarchaeology, community, Gabii, mtDNA, social structure

Abstract

Archaeological work at Gabii in Italy has revealed burials in the settlement area dating to three different time periods: Iron Age, Archaic and Imperial. In this paper, we investigate the genetic characteristics of the people buried at Gabii, integrating mitochondrial DNA evidence with archaeological and historical contexts to address questions about community and population dynamics, such as whether biological lineages persisted through time and whether there were biological links among high-status and anomalous burials. We discovered that the people buried at Gabii showed biological links within but not between time periods. Although the majority of the skeletal remains of the individuals in this project were lost in a 2020 wildfire, future work using the genomic libraries prepared for this study is planned, provided that the endogenous aDNA content is sufficient for analysis.

Author Biographies

  • Kristina Killgrove, National Coalition of Independent Scholars

    Kristina Killgrove is the bioarchaeology consultant for the Gabii Project. She currently works as a staff writer at Live Science, and is completing her analysis of the skeletons of people who died at Oplontis in 79 AD.

  • Jennifer Klunk, Daicel Arbor Biosciences

    Jennifer Klunk is an expert on ancient DNA who currently leads the myReads® NGS services group at Daicel Arbor Biosciences. Her doctoral research at McMaster University focused on the causes and consequences of ancient plague pandemics.

  • Andrea N. Acosta, University of South Carolina

    Andrea N. Acosta is a bioarchaeology doctoral candidate at the University of South Carolina, working on a dissertation about the role the Roman family played in creating and maintaining the social fabric of ancient Rome. She has contributed to the analysis of skeletons from Gabii and Oplontis.

  • Madeline Tapson, Daicel Arbor Biosciences

    Madeline Tapson is expert on ancient DNA at Daicel Arbor Biosciences. Her master’s research at McMaster University focused on studying rodent reservoirs of plague.

  • Marcello Mogetta, University of Missouri

    Marcello Mogetta is an associate professor of Roman Art and Archaeology at the University of Missouri and the Director of the Gabii Project. His scholarly work focuses on the archae ology of first millennium BC Italy and Italian urbanism in its broader Mediterranean context.

  • Laura M. Banducci, Carleton University

    Laura M. Banducci is an associate professor of Greek and Roman Studies at Carleton University and the Director of the Finds Laboratory for the Gabii Project.  She is the author of several books and articles on ceramics and other artifacts, focusing on function and use. Her current research includes examining legacy materials excavated at Gabii decades ago, using petrology to consider wattle-and-daub construction techniques in the Iron Age and exploring ceramic repair in the Roman world.

  • Anna Gallone, University of Michigan

    Anna Gallone is a professional archaeologist and associate researcher at the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology at the University of Michigan. She is the Field Director for the Gabii Project. 

  • J. Marilyn Evans, Kalamazoo College

    J. Marilyn Evans is an assistant professor of Classics at Kalamazoo College and a Field Supervisor for the Gabii Project. Her research focuses on burial practices and urbanization in Archaic central Italy.

  • Laura Motta, University of Michigan

    Laura Motta is an assistant professor of Environmental Archaeology at the University of Michigan and the Director of the Environmental Archaeology Lab for the Gabii Project. Her research explores social and economic complexity in urban contexts, with a focus on food redistribution patterns, agricultural practices and landscape modifications. 

  • Sheira Cohen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

    Sheira Cohen is an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. An experienced field archaeologist, she has a particular interest in infant burials and community formation. She is a Field Supervisor for the Gabii Project.

  • Victoria C. Moses, Harvard University

    Victoria C. Moses is a postdoctoral fellow in Harvard University’s Science of the Human Past (SoHP) Initiative and Max Planck–Harvard Archaeosciences of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM) and affiliated with Harvard’s Department of History and Reich Laboratory. In this role, she is integrating humanistic approaches into ancient DNA research in classical antiquity. She is the archaeozoology consultant for the Gabii Project.

  • Nicola Terrenato, University of Michigan

    Nicola Terrenato is the Esther B. Van Deman Collegiate Professor of Roman Studies at the University of Michigan and the Director of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, as well as the past Director of the Gabii Project. 

References

Acosta, A.N. 2017 Origins of Archaic Period Gabii: A Biochemical Study of Skeletons from the 6th to 5th Century BC, Italy. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida.

Acosta, A.N., K. Killgrove, V.C. Moses and B.L. Turner. 2019 Nourishing urban development: a palaeodietary study of Archaic Gabii, Italy (6th–5th c BCE). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 27: 101962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101962

Aneli, S., T. Saupe, F. Montinaro … C.L. Scheib and L. Pagani. 2022 The genetic origin of Daunians and the pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context. Molecular Biology and Evolution 39: msac014. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac014

Angle, M., and A. Gianni. 1985 La morte ineguale: dinamiche sociali riflesse nel rituale funerario. Il caso della necropoli dell’età del Ferro di Caracupa. Rivista Internazionale per la Storia Economica e Sociale dell’Antichità 4: 179-212.

Antonio, M.L., Z. Gao, H.M. Moots … R. Pinhasi and J.K. Pritchard. 2019 Ancient Rome: a genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean. Science 366(6466): 708-14. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6826

Antonio, M.L., C.L. Weiß, Z. Gao … R. Pinhasi and J.K. Pritchard. 2024 Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. eLife 13: e79714.

Attema, P.A.J., and A.J. Bronkhorst (eds.). 2020 The People and the State: Material Culture, Social Structure, and Political Centralisation in Central Italy (800-450 BC) from the Perspective of Ancient Crustumerium (Rome, Italy). Corollaria Crustumina 4. Groningen: Barkhuis. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1gm00mn

Banducci, L.M., and A. Gallone (eds.). 2021 A Cemetery and Quarry from Imperial Gabii. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11885571

Bartoloni, G. 2003 Le società dell’Italia primitiva: lo studio delle necropoli e la nascita delle aristocrazie. Rome: Carocci.

Becker, J.A., M. Mogetta and N. Terrenato. 2009 A new plan for an ancient Italian city: Gabii revealed. American Journal of Archaeology 113: 629-42. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.113.4.629

Becker, J.A., and J. Nowlin. 2011 Orientalizing infant burials from Gabii, Italy. BABESCH Annual Papers on Mediterranean Archaeology 86: 27-39.

Becker, M.J. and L. Salvadei. 1992 Analysis of the human skeletal remains from the cemetery of Osteria dell’Osa. In A.M. Bietti Sestieri (ed.), La Necropoli Laziale di Osteria dell’Osa, 53-191. Rome: Quasar.

Belelli Marchesini, B. 2020 Data from the burial grounds. In P.A.J. Attema and A.J. Bronkhorst (eds.) The People and the State: Material Culture, Social Structure, and Political Centralisation in Central Italy (800-450 BC) from the Perspective of Ancient Crustumerium (Rome, Italy), 109-46. Corollaria Crustumina 4. Groningen: Barkhuis. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1gm00mn.10

Bentley, R.A. 2022 Prehistory of kinship. Annual Review of Anthropology 51: 137-54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-021036

Bietti Sestieri, A.M. 1992a The Iron Age Community of Osteria dell’Osa: A Study of Socio-Political Development in Central Tyrrhenian Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

–––. 1992b La necropoli laziale di Osteria dell’Osa. Rome: Quasar.

Bietti Sestieri, A.M., and A. De Santis. 1985 Indicatori archeologici di cambiamento nella struttura delle comunità laziali nell’8o sec. a.C. Dialoghi di Archeologia 1: 35-45.

Bietti Sestieri, A.M., A. De Santis, A.J. Nijboer and J.A. van der Plicht. 1999–2000 High chronology for the Early Iron Age in central Italy. Paleohistoria 41-42: 163-76.

Cangemi, I. 2016 A Scale-Free, Relational Approach to Social Development in Late-Prehistoric Tyrrhenian Central Italy. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Interdepartmental Program in Ancient Mediterranean Art and Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Cardarelli, A. 2011 L’origine delle comunità protourbane in Italia. In V. Nizzo (ed.), Dalla nascita alla morte: antropologia e archeologia a confronto, 247-57. Rome: Editorial Service System.

Cohen, S., and M. Naglak. 2020 Infant burials as mediators of house identity at Iron Age Gabii. In M. Mogetta (ed.), Élite Burial Practices and Processes of Urbanization at Gabii: The Non-adult Tombs from Area D of the Gabii Project Excavations. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 108: 141-56. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology. https://journalofromanarchaeology.com/supplement-108/

Colonna, G. 1977 Un aspetto oscuro del Lazio antico: le tombe del VI-V secolo a.C. Parola del Passato 32: 131-65.

Cougle, L. 2009 Expressions of gender through dress in Latial Iron Age mortuary contexts: the case of Osteria dell’Osa. In E. Herring and K. Lomas (eds.), Gender Identities in Italy in the First Millennium BC, 55-67. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1983. Oxford: BAR Publishing.

Cougle-Jose, L.M. 2010 Dress and Social Identity in Mortuary Contexts: The Case of Iron Age Osteria dell’Osa. Unpublished PhD dissertation, School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra.

D’Acri, M., and M. Mogetta. 2020 Non-adult burials from contemporary settlements in Latium Vetus. In M. Mogetta (ed.), Élite Burial Practices and Processes of Urbanization at Gabii: The Non-adult Tombs from Area D of the Gabii Project Excavations. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 108: 125-40. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology. https://journalofromanarchaeology.com/supplement-108/

De Angelis, F., M. Romboni, V. Veltre, P. Catalano, C. Martínez-Labarga, V. Gazzaniga and O. Rickards. 2022 First glimpse into the genomic characterization of people from the Imperial Roman community of Casal Bertone (Rome, first–third centuries AD). Genes 13(1): 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13010136

De Angelis, F., V. Veltre, M. Romboni, T. Di Corcia, G. Scano, C. Martínez-Labarga, P. Catalano and O. Rickards. 2021 Ancient genomes from a rural site in Imperial Rome (1st–3rd cent. CE): a genetic junction in the Roman Empire. Annals of Human Biology 48: 234–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2021.1944313

De Ligt, L., and L.E. Tacoma (eds.). 2016 Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307377

De Santis, A., M. Fenelli and L. Salvadei. 2008 Implicazioni culturali e sociali del trattamento funebre dei bambini nella protostoria laziale. Scienze dell’Antichità: Storia Archeologia Antropologia 12: 725-41.

Di Bernardo, G., S. Del Gaudio, U. Galderisi, A. Cascino and M. Cipollaro. 2009 Ancient DNA and family relationships in a Pompeian house. Annals of Human Genetics 73: 429-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00520.x

Eckardt, H. (ed.). 2010 Roman Diasporas: Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 78. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology.

Emery, M.V., A.T. Duggan, T.J. Murchie … H.N. Poinar and T.L. Prowse. 2018 Ancient Roman mitochondrial genomes and isotopes reveal relationships and geographic origins at the local and pan-Mediterranean scales. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 20: 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.04.036

Ensor, B.E. 2013 The Archaeology of Kinship: Advancing Interpretation and Contributions to Theory. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Ensor, B.E., J.D. Irish and W.F. Keegan. 2017 The bioarchaeology of kinship: proposed revisions to assumptions guiding interpretation. Current Anthropology 58: 739-61. https://doi.org/10.1086/694584

Evans, J.M. 2018 Archaic burials from Gabii, Italy. BABESCH Annual Papers on Mediterranean Archaeology 93: 27-48.

Farr, J. 2021 The quarry. In L. Banducci and A. Gallone (eds.), A Cemetery and Quarry from Imperial Gabii, §127-44. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Figueiro, G. 2025 Simulating the effects of kinship and postmarital residence patterns on mitochondrial DNA diversity in mortuary contexts. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 186: e24910. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24910

Fulminante, F. 2014 The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gallone, A. 2021a The lead sarcophagus: recovery, analysis, and conservation. In L. Banducci and A. Gallone (eds.), A Cemetery and Quarry from Imperial Gabii, §403-10. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

–––. 2021b Three Imperial burials featuring lead. In L. Banducci and A. Gallone (eds.), A Cemetery and Quarry from Imperial Gabii, §170-77. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Gandini, F., A. Achilli, M. Pala … M.B. Richards and A. Olivieri. 2016 Mapping human dispersals into the Horn of Africa from Arabian Ice Age refugia using mitogenomes. Scientific Reports 6: 25472. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25472

Golubovic, S. 2002 Decorated lead sarcophagi in Moesia Superior. In P. Freeman, J. Bennett, Z.T. Fiema and B. Hoffman (eds.), Limes XVIII: Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies Held in Amman, Jordan (September 2000), 629-40. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1084. Oxford: BAR Publishing.

González-Ruibal, A. 2006 House societies vs. kinship-based societies: an archaeological case from Iron Age Europe. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25: 144-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2005.09.002

González-Ruibal, A., and M. Ruiz-Gálvez. 2016 House societies in the ancient Mediterranean (2000–500 BC). Journal of World Prehistory 29: 383-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-016-9098-8

Johnson, K.M. 2018 Opening up the family tree: promoting more diverse and inclusive studies of family, kinship, and relatedness in bioarchaeology. In J.E. Buikstra (ed.), Bioarchaeologists Speak Out: Deep Time Perspectives on Contemporary Issues, 201-30. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93012-1_9

Johnston, A.C., and M. Mogetta. 2020 Debating early Republican urbanism in Latium Vetus: the town planning of Gabii, between archaeology and history. Journal of Roman Studies 110: 91-121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435820001070

Killgrove, K. 2010 Migration and Mobility in Imperial Rome. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

–––. 2018 Using skeletal remains as a proxy for Roman lifestyles: the potential and problems with osteological reconstructions of health, diet, and stature in Imperial Rome. In P. Erdkamp and C. Holleran (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World, 245-58. London: Routledge.

–––. 2020 Non-adult burials from Gabii: the osteological evidence. In M. Mogetta (ed.), Élite Burial Practices and Processes of Urbanization at Gabii: The Non-adult Tombs from Area D of the Gabii Project Excavations. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 108: 47-50. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology. https://journalofromanarchaeology.com/supplement-108/

–––. 2021 Osteology of the Imperial tombs from Gabii. In L. Banducci and A. Gallone (eds.), A Cemetery and Quarry from Imperial Gabii, §480-519. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Killgrove, K., and A.N. Acosta. 2023 Dietary pathologies and isotope diversity in Imperial Rome (1st–3rd centuries AD). In C.M. Scarry, D.L. Hutchinson and B.S. Arbuckle (eds.), Ancient Foodways: Integrative Approaches to Understanding Subsistence and Society in the Past, 255-75. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069494.003.0012

Killgrove, K., and J. Montgomery. 2016 All roads lead to Rome: exploring human migration to the Eternal City through biochemistry of skeletons from two Imperial-era cemeteries (1st–3rd c AD). PLoS One 11: e0147585. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147585

Killgrove, K., and R.H. Tykot. 2018 Diet and collapse: a stable isotope study of Imperial-era Gabii (1st–3rd centuries AD). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19: 1041-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.054

Mittnik, A., K. Massy, C. Knipper … P.W. Stockhammer and J. Krause. 2019 Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366(6466): 731-34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6219

Modi, A., H. Lancioni, I. Cardinali … D. Caramelli and A. Achilli. 2020 The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains. Scientific Reports 10: 10700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0

Mogetta, M. 2020 Introduction. In M. Mogetta (ed.), Élite Burial Practices and Processes of Urbanization at Gabii: The Non-Adult Tombs from Area D of the Gabii Project Excavations. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 108: 9-26. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology.

Mogetta, M., and S. Cohen. 2018 Infant and child burial practices from an elite domestic compound at Early Iron Age and Orientalising Gabii. In J. Tabolli (ed.), From Invisible to Visible: New Methods and Data for the Archaeology of Infant and Child Burials in Pre-Roman Italy and Beyond, 47-57. Uppsala: Astrom Editions.

Moses, V., and F. Alhaique. 2022 Same place, changing patterns? Animal economy at Gabii (Latium, central Italy) from the Early Iron Age through the Imperial period. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46: 103717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103717

Naglak, M. 2021 House, rhythm, and ritual at Gabii, Italy. In S. Rau and J. Rüpke (eds.), Religion and Urbanity Online. Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/urbrel.14935350

Naglak, M., and N. Terrenato. 2019 A house society in Iron Age Latium? Kinship and state formation in the context of new discoveries at Gabii. In M. Di Fazio and S. Paltineri (eds.), La società gentilizia nell’Italia antica tra realtà e mito storiografico, 99-119. Bari: Edipuglia.

–––. 2020 Central Italian elite groups as aristocratic houses in the ninth to sixth centuries BCE. In S.W. Bell and P.J. Du Plessis (eds.), Roman Law before the Twelve Tables: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 25-40. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474443968.003.0003

Noy, D. 2000 Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1n3583p

Olalde, I., S. Brace, M.E. Allentoft … C. Lalueza-Fox and D. Reich. 2018 The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555(7695): 190-96. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738

Opitz, R., M. Mogetta and N. Terrenato (eds.). 2016 A Mid-Republican House from Gabii. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9231782

Pakendorf, B., and M. Stoneking. 2005 Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 6: 165-83. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162249

Peroni, R. 1996 L’Italia alle soglie della storia. Rome: Laterza.

Posth, C., V. Zaro, M.A. Spyrou … D. Caramelli and J. Krause. 2021 The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect. Science Advances 7(39): eabi7673. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi7673

Prowse, T.L., J.L. Barta, T.E. von Hunnius and A.M. Small. 2010 Stable isotope and ancient DNA evidence for geographic origins at the site of Vagnari (2nd–4th centuries AD), Italy. In H. Eckardt (ed.), Roman Diasporas: Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 78: 175-98. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology.

Prowse, T.L., H.P. Schwarcz, P. Garnsey, M. Knyf, R. Macchiarelli and L. Bondioli. 2007 Isotopic evidence for age‐related immigration to imperial Rome. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132: 510-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20541

Reitsema, L.J., A. Mittnik, B. Kyle … R. Pinhasi and D. Reich. 2022 The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119: e2205272119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205272119

Riva, C. 2010 The Urbanisation of Etruria: Funerary Practices and Social Change, 700–600 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316136515

Salesse, K., É. Dufour, V. Balter … J. Brůžek and D. Castex. 2021 Far from home: a multi-analytical approach revealing the journey of an African-born individual to imperial Rome. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37: 103011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103011

Samuels, J.T., S. Cohen, T. Johnson … A. Rittershaus and E. Stewart. 2022 Reimagining urban success: rhythms of activity at Gabii, 800 BC–AD 600. Antiquity 96(385): 103-22. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.154

Samuels, J.T., M. Naglak, R. Opitz … M. Mogetta and A. Gallone. 2021 A changing cityscape in central Italy: the Gabii Project excavations, 2012–2018. Journal of Field Archaeology 46: 132-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2021.1877958

Saupe, T., F. Montinaro, C. Scaggion … L. Pagani and C.L. Scheib. 2021 Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula. Current Biology 31: 2576-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022

Scheidel, W. (ed.). 2018 The Science of Roman History: Biology, Climate, and the Future of the Past. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.23943/9781400889730

Scorrano, G., S. Viva, T. Pinotti, P.F. Fabbri, O. Rickards and F. Macciardi. 2022 Bioarchaeological and palaeogenomic portrait of two Pompeians that died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. Scientific Reports 12: 6468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10899-1

Serk, P. 2004 Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J in Europe and Near East. Unpublished MSc thesis, Faculty of Biology and Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia.

Serventi, P., C. Panicucci, R. Bodega … D. Luiselli and E. Cilli. 2018 Iron Age Italic population genetics: the Piceni from Novilara (8th–7th century BC). Annals of Human Biology 45: 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2017.1414876

Smith, C.J. 1996 Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society c. 1000 to 500 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198150312.001.0001

–––. 2006 The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482922

Stull, K.E., L.E. Cirillo, S.J. Cole and C.N. Hulse. 2020 Subadult sex estimation and KidStats. In A.R. Klales (ed.), Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton, 219-42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815767-1.00014-6

Tacoma, L.E. 2016 Moving Romans: Migration to Rome in the Principate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768050.001.0001

Terrenato, N. 2011 The versatile clans: Archaic Rome and the nature of early city-states in central Italy. In N. Terrenato and D.C. Haggis (eds.), State Formation in Italy and Greece: Questioning the Neoevolutionist Paradigm, 231-44. Oxford: Oxbow.

–––. 2019 The Early Roman Expansion into Italy: Elite Negotiation and Family Agendas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108525190

Toynbee, J.M.C. 1996 Death and Burial in the Roman World. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801855078

Turchi, C., L. Buscemi, C. Previderè … A. Tagliabracci and G.F.I. Group. 2008 Italian mitochondrial DNA database: results of a collaborative exercise and proficiency testing. International Journal of Legal Medicine 122: 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-007-0207-1

Vai, S., C.E.G. Amorim, M. Lari and D. Caramelli. 2020 Kinship determination in archeological contexts through DNA analysis. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 83. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00083

van Rossenberg, E. 2008 Infant/child burials and social reproduction in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (c. 2100–800 BC) of central Italy. In K. Bacvarov (ed.), Babies Reborn: Infant/Child Burials in Pre- and Protohistory. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1832: 161-73. Oxford: BAR Publishing.

Willemsen, S. 2014 Into the Light: A Study of the Changing Burial Customs at Crustumerium in the 7th and 6th Centuries BC. Unpublished PhD thesis, Classical and Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Groningen, Netherlands.

Downloads

Published

2025-05-19

Issue

EARLY ACCESS TO FORTHCOMING ARTICLES

Section

Articles

License

© Equinox Publishing Ltd.

For information regarding our Open Access policy, click here.

How to Cite

Killgrove, K., Klunk, J., Acosta, A. N., Tapson, M., Mogetta, M., Banducci, L. M., Gallone, A., Evans, J. M., Motta, L., Cohen, S., Moses, V. C., & Terrenato, N. (2025). Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Community Building and Population Dynamics at a Multi-Phase Roman Site (Gabii, Italy, 8th Century BC– 2nd Century AD). Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.33474